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80186 Microprocessors: Introduction and Architecture

Hello friends, today we are going to discuss the 80186 microprocessor with integrated peripherals. The Intel 80186 is an improved version of the 8086 microprocessor. 80186 is a 16-bit microprocessor with a 16-bit data bus and a 20-bit address bus. It has a programmable peripheral device integrated into the same package. The instruction set of the 80186 is a superset of the instruction set of the 8086. The term super-set means that all of the 8086 instructions will execute properly on an 80186, but the 80186 has a few additional instructions. The following figure shows the block diagram and pin diagram of 80186. The CPU is divided into seven independent functional parts. 80186 internal block diagram  80186 68-pins pin diagram  Functional parts of 80186 Microprocessor The Bus Interface Unit (BIU) Execution Unit (EU) Clock Generator Programmable interrupt controller Programmable Chip Select Unit (CSU) Programmable DMA Unit Programmable counter/timers The Bus Interface Unit
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Twisted Pair Cable:

A twisted pair cable consists of two insulated copper wire about 1mm thick. The wires are twisted in a helical form to reduce the electrical interference from similar pairs. Twisted pairs can be used either analog or digital transmission. The bandwidth depends on the thickness of the wire and the distance traveled, but several megabits/sec can be achieved for few kilometers.
Twisted pairs are most commonly used in telephone system.
It has several categories, but category 3 and category 5 are most important.
Category 3 twisted pairs consists of two insulated wires kindly twisted together. Four pairs are grouped together in a plastic sheath.
Category 5 twisted pairs are similar to category 3 pairs, but with more twists per centimeter with Teflon insulation. Because of this Teflon insulation, crosstalk is less and better quality signal over longer distances.

Types of twisted pair

A twisted pair also divides in two types;

Shielded twisted pair

Cables with a shield are called Shielded Twisted Pair and commonly abbreviated STP. Shielded Twisted Pair is used with the traditional Token Ring cabling or ICS - IBM Cabling System. It requires a custom connector.

Unshielded twisted pair 

Cables without a shield are called Unshielded Twisted Pair or UTP.
UTP cable is used on Ethernet 10BaseT and can also be used with Token Ring. It uses the RJ line of connectors (RJ45, RJ11, etc..)

 Shielded twistede Pair
fig. Shielded twisted pair

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