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80186 Microprocessors: Introduction and Architecture

Hello friends, today we are going to discuss the 80186 microprocessor with integrated peripherals. The Intel 80186 is an improved version of the 8086 microprocessor. 80186 is a 16-bit microprocessor with a 16-bit data bus and a 20-bit address bus. It has a programmable peripheral device integrated into the same package. The instruction set of the 80186 is a superset of the instruction set of the 8086. The term super-set means that all of the 8086 instructions will execute properly on an 80186, but the 80186 has a few additional instructions. The following figure shows the block diagram and pin diagram of 80186. The CPU is divided into seven independent functional parts. 80186 internal block diagram  80186 68-pins pin diagram  Functional parts of 80186 Microprocessor The Bus Interface Unit (BIU) Execution Unit (EU) Clock Generator Programmable interrupt controller Programmable Chip Select Unit (CSU) Programmable DMA Unit Programmable counter/timers The Bus Interface Unit
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Difference between Microprocessor and Microcontroller

Hello friends, today we are going to see the detailed structure of microcontrollers and the difference between microprocessors and microcontrollers. 
In this post, you will learn...
Definition of Microcontroller
Elements of Microcontroller
How microcontroller works?
And the difference between microprocessors and microcontrollers, you can also able to read the detailed structure of microprocessors here. 

Microcontroller

The microcontroller is a low-cost compact integrated circuit designed to perform a specific task in an embedded system like temperature sensing in the microwave. remote system in TV, fire detection in fire alarm, displaying information in the microwave, etc.
The general microcontroller consists of a microprocessor unit (MPU), memory (RAM, ROM), and some input/output peripherals on a single chip. These devices are optimized for embedded applications with responsive interaction with digital, analog, or electromechanical components.
Microcontroller
Microcontroller

The elements of a Microcontroller 

The microcontroller consists of 
The processor: the processor performs the operations as usual. It takes input data and accordingly processes that and responds to specific instructions. This involves performing basic arithmetic and logical and I/O operations. It also performs data transfer operations which require other components within the embedded system.

Memory: A microcontroller has two types of memory tp store the data that the processor receives and to respond to the instructions that have been programmed. these are followed in detail.
Data memory also called volatile memory is used for temporary data storage while the instructions are being executed.
Program memory or Non-volatile memory which stores long programs, and instructions that tells the CPU what exactly to do? it's a permanent type of memory.

I/O peripherals: peripheral means I/O devices that interact with the outside world through supporting components. there are many supporting components that can be used for different purposes we will see one by one.
Data converter: Analog to Digital and Digital to Analog converter, it allows the processor to interface with external components as per the direction.
Timer: It's for real-time clock operation or general purpose.
Serial port: It allows the microcontroller to connect with external devices.
Clock generator: Internal oscillation.

How microcontroller works:

Microcontrollers are embedded systems inside the device to control the actions and perform the operations. they run one specific program or task at one time. they are low-power devices with I/O peripherals and processors. 
The microcontroller can take input from the device which they are controlling and send the output signal to different parts of the device.
Example: TV's microcontroller, it takes input from remote control and displays its output on the TV screen.

Microcontrollers are also used in wide complex systems. in that devices often uses more microcontrollers that work together within the device to handle their complicated task.

Example: A car might have many microcontrollers, that control various individual systems as well as work together whenever needed. They send and receive data using their I/O peripherals and process that data to perform their designated task.

Difference between Microcontroller and Microprocessor:

1. Microcontroller is a low-cost compact integrated circuit, it contains a processor, a small amount of memory, and peripheral devices to perform specific tasks. it is an inbuilt complete solution to perform operations.
whereas microprocessor contains only a processing unit which is high cost and quite powerful in terms of computing different operations. to use a microprocessor, we need a complete set of hardware such as memory, i/o devices, etc. 
2. Microcontroller used for a specific task. while microprocessors are used for general purposes.
3. Microcontroller is cheap and straightforward with fewer instructions to complete tasks. whereas microprocessor is complicated and expensive with a large no of instructions to process at a time.
4. Microcontroller uses an internal bus structure that is inbuilt. on the other hand, a microprocessor uses an external bus system to connect other parts.
5. power consumption is an important role in designing a microcontroller. it needs a low power supply to accomplish the task whereas a microprocessor requires multiple power switches and plugins.

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