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80186 Microprocessors: Introduction and Architecture

Hello friends, today we are going to discuss the 80186 microprocessor with integrated peripherals. The Intel 80186 is an improved version of the 8086 microprocessor. 80186 is a 16-bit microprocessor with a 16-bit data bus and a 20-bit address bus. It has a programmable peripheral device integrated into the same package. The instruction set of the 80186 is a superset of the instruction set of the 8086. The term super-set means that all of the 8086 instructions will execute properly on an 80186, but the 80186 has a few additional instructions. The following figure shows the block diagram and pin diagram of 80186. The CPU is divided into seven independent functional parts. 80186 internal block diagram  80186 68-pins pin diagram  Functional parts of 80186 Microprocessor The Bus Interface Unit (BIU) Execution Unit (EU) Clock Generator Programmable interrupt controller Programmable Chip Select Unit (CSU) Programmable DMA Unit Programmable counter/timers The Bus Interface Unit
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Microwave Transmission

Microwave communication is widely used for long-distance telephone communication, cellular telephones, television distribution, and other uses, that a severe shortage of spectrum has developed.


Above 100 MHz, the waves travel in straight lines ans can therefore be narrowly focused.  If the towers are too far apart, repeaters are needed. For 100-m high towers, repeaters can be spaced 80km apart.
Unlike radio waves at lower frequencies, microwave facing a serious problem called multipath fading. i.e. microwaves do not pass through buildings well, or there is some divergence. Also some waves may be refracted and may take slightly longer to arrive than direct waves  and some times cancel the signal, this effect is called multipath fading.
To solve multipath fading, to shut off links that are being rained on and route around them.
Microwaves have another important use, the Industrial/Scientific/Medical Bands. These bands do not require government licensing. One band is allocated Worldwide: 2.400-2.484 GHz. In the United States and Canada: 902-928 MHz and %.725-5.850GHz resp. these bands are used for cordless telephones, garage door openers, wireless hi-fi speakers, security gates, etc.
The 900-MHz band works best but crowed and equipment using it may only be operated in North America.
Microwave is relatively economical.


Microwave Bands
Fig. Microwave Industrial/Scientific/Medical Bands.

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